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United Nations (U.N.) (712)

Global Issues (667)

Europe (530)

Americas (512)

Climate & Health (412)

Climate & Health

Melting glaciers. Rising sea levels. Wildfires. Food shortages. Mass coral reef deaths and widespread species extinctions. Global pandemics. Every other issue is secondary. In a world of climate change, direct impacts on humanity already are evident on environments where we live and work and on the health and well-being of many populations.

United States (U.S.) (321)

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France (277)

China (271)

Russia (261)

United Kingdom (U.K.) (252)

Africa (245)

Africa

News and insights on international cooperation and development in Africa.

World Health Organization (WHO) (230)

Geopolitics (219)

Geopolitics

The world's multilateral efforts to solve global challenges are based on a post-World War II political and economic order that is struggling to navigate the 21st century's multipolarity and rise of authoritarianism: the U.S.-China rivalry, Russia's war in Ukraine, Israel and Hamas, the West's conflicts with North Korea and Iran, the crisis in Afghanistan, coups in Africa, and unrest in the Americas over deep-rooted injustices, biases and inequalities.

Middle East (214)

Human Rights & Humanitarians (212)

Human Rights & Humanitarians

News and insights from international organizations about human rights and humanitarian affairs.

European Union (E.U.) (205)

U.N. Security Council (UNSC) (191)

Germany (182)

U.N. General Assembly (UNGA) (162)

Paris Agreement 2015 (161)

Sustainable Development Goals (148)

Sustainable Development Goals

In 2015, the U.N.'s 193 member nations adopted the 17 Sustainable Development Goals to achieve universal peace and prosperity by 2030. Despite progress on some fronts, including sustainable consumption and ocean conservation, the U.N. says 85% of the agenda is off-track due to the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change, biodiversity loss, pollution, and Russia's war on Ukraine.

U.N. Human Rights Council (HRC) (122)

Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) (110)

Japan (104)

India (97)

Canada (95)

Ukraine (92)

Science & Technology (89)

Science & Technology

News and insights about the acceleration in artificial intelligence, data and breakthrough science and technological discoveries.

Nuclear Security & WMD (89)

Nuclear Security & WMD

News and insights on nuclear security policy and weapons of mass destruction (nuclear, chemical and biological weapons), amid threats and risks ranging from Russia's war in Ukraine to North Korea's missile tests.

Justice & Accountability (88)

Justice & Accountability

Justice and accountability help break cycles of violence and atrocities, restore the rule of law and trust in institutions, and build strong societies that can diminish the risk of serious human rights violations.

World Bank Group (86)

World Bank Group

Founded in 1944, the Washington-based World Bank Group provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries around the world. Its mission is to fight poverty and to help people help themselves and their environment.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (84)

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or NATO, started with 12 countries in 1949 and has since grown into a military alliance among Canada, the United States and 27 European nations. It requires members to commit to helping each other defend against any attack. NATO's initial purpose was to defend Western Europe from the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

Turkey (82)

Italy (79)

Iran (78)

Israel (77)

Netherlands (72)

European Commission (E.C.) (67)

Syria (67)

U.N. Environment (UNEP) (64)

Brazil (63)

UNESCO (61)

U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 1994 (61)

Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (59)

World Trade Organization (WTO) (59)

In Depth (59)

In Depth

Stories backed by data, insight and analysis that shed light on major trends among international organizations.

UNICEF (58)

Saudi Arabia (57)

Work, Education, Culture & Sports (56)

Work, Education, Culture & Sports

News and insights on the future of work, education, cultural heritage and sports.

South Korea (55)

Belgium (54)

Ethiopia (54)

Palestine (54)

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (54)

International Monetary Fund (IMF) (53)

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

The IMF is a cooperative institution of member countries that lends money to members having difficulties meeting financial obligations to other members. The loans are handed out on condition that economic reforms are undertaken to eliminate these difficulties for their own good and that of the entire membership.

Group of 20 (G-20) (53)

Group of 20 (G-20)

The Group of 20 is a forum of the world's biggest economies for developing global policies on the most pressing challenges. It includes 19 countries plus the European Union. Together they represent 80 percent of global economic output. The members are: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Britain, Canada, China, the E.U., France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey and the United States.

Norway (52)

U.N. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) (52)

Sweden (51)

Austria (51)

World Meteorological Organization (WMO) (50)

Mexico (49)

World Food Program (WFP) (49)

United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.) (49)

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (47)

Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) 2015 (46)

Human Rights Watch (HRW) (45)

Australia (44)

Yemen (44)

Egypt (43)

Charter of the United Nations 1945 (43)

U.N. Development Program (UNDP) (41)

World Economic Forum (WEF) (41)

Migrants & Refugees (40)

Migrants & Refugees

Migrants, refugees, displaced people and asylum seekers all face challenges away from their home region or country. Refugees flee across a border and need international protection. Migrants choose to find a better future somewhere else. Displaced people are forced or obliged to leave their homes, fleeing to somewhere else within or outside their country. Asylum seekers want international protection; not all of them are recognized as a refugee, but every refugee is initially an asylum seeker.

Pakistan (39)

North Korea (38)

Group of Seven (G-7) (38)

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (38)

Gavi the Vaccine Alliance (38)

Spain (36)

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Poland (35)

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International Court of Justice (ICJ) (29)

Denmark (29)

Afghanistan (28)

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (27)

Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty 1987 (27)

Chile (27)

New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (New START) 2011 (26)

Sudan (26)

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International Energy Agency (IEA) (21)

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) (20)

Global Compact for Safe Orderly and Regular Migration 2018 (20)

Ireland (20)

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Finland (19)

Fridays For Future (FFF) (19)

Argentina (18)

Polar Regions (18)

Hungary (18)

European Parliament (18)

The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court 2002 (17)

Philippines (17)

Global Fund to Fight AIDS Tuberculosis and Malaria (17)

Eritrea (17)

Morocco (17)

U.N. Climate Change (17)

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World Health Assembly (WHA) (17)

European Council (17)

Sri Lanka (16)

European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) (16)

Vietnam (16)

Malaysia (16)

Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 (15)

Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948

The U.N. General Assembly approved the declaration on December 10, 1948 to prevent a recurrence of World War II atrocities. The declaration was a milestone achievement in setting the first multicultural standards for universally protecting fundamental human rights.

Iceland (15)

Cuba (15)

International Telecommunication Union (ITU) (15)

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U.N. Migration (IOM) (14)

Chad (14)

Portugal (14)

League of Nations (14)

Kuwait (14)

Uganda (13)

Mali (13)

U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982 (13)

Lebanon (13)

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Global Compact on Refugees 2018 (13)

U.N. Environment Assembly (13)

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Black Sea Grain Initiative 2022 (13)

Council of Europe (COE) (12)

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1976 (12)

Reporters Without Borders (12)

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Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 2021 (12)

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Ghana (12)

Geneva Conventions 1949 (12)

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Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) (12)

WWF International (11)

Serbia (11)

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Niger (11)

International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) (11)

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Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) (11)

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International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) (10)

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Lithuania (10)

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U.N. Convention on Biological Diversity 1993 (10)

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Senegal (10)

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Peru (10)

Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) 2004 (10)

Chemical Weapons Convention 1997 (9)

Freedom House (9)

Slovenia (9)

Bahrain (9)

Gambia (9)

Arab League (9)

Bank for International Settlements (BIS) (9)

Bank for International Settlements (BIS)

As the world's oldest international financial institution, Basel, Switzerland-based BIS was founded in 1930 to increase cooperation among central banks and other government agencies working to create financial and monetary stability. It had a key role in reparation payments imposed on Germany following the World War I. It does not supervise or regulate banks, and its banking services are exclusively for central banks and international financial institutions.

Save the Children (9)

North Atlantic Treaty 1949 (9)

Belarus (9)

International Health Regulations 2007 (9)

Liechtenstein (8)

African Development Bank Group (AfDB) (8)

African Development Bank Group (AfDB)

Founded in 1964 to reduce poverty and improve living conditions for Africans, Ivory Coast-based AfDB is one of five multilateral development banks (MDBs) in the world. Its main entities are the African Development Bank, African Development Fund and Nigeria Trust Fund.

Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) (8)

Group of 77 (G-77) (8)

Convention on the Rights of the Child 1990 (8)

Honduras (8)

Liberia (8)

Bosnia and Herzegovina (8)

Croatia (8)

Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) (8)

Cameroon (8)

Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) (8)

Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU)

As the world’s first permanent international political organization, Geneva-based IPU was founded in 1889 by France's Frédéric Passy and Britain's William Randal Cremer among a small group of pacifist-minded parliamentarians. It now encompasses 179 parliaments that aim to promote democracy, peace, human rights, youth, gender equality and sustainable development.

European Central Bank (ECB) (8)

Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) (8)

International Maritime Organization (IMO) (8)

U.N. Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL) (8)

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants 2004 (8)

European Convention on Human Rights 1953 (7)

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Conference on Disarmament (7)

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Sierra Leone (7)

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Latvia (7)

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UNAIDS (7)

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International Olympic Committee (IOC) (7)

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Luxembourg (7)

Open Skies Treaty 2002 (7)

Taiwan (7)

Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) (7)

Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (GESDA) Foundation (7)

Green Climate Fund (GCF) (6)

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Laos (6)

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Access Now (6)

Access Now

U.S.-based nonprofit Access Now, founded in 2009, defends and extends digital civil rights globally. Its headline event is the annual RightsCon platform on human rights in the digital age. ➡️ https://www.accessnow.org/

Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (6)

Georgia (6)

International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) (6)

Ecuador (6)

Transparency International (6)

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) (6)

CARE (6)

International Finance Corporation (IFC) (6)

Malawi (6)

European Investment Bank (EIB) (6)

Albania (6)

U.N. Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) 1996 (6)

Securities (6)

Treaty of Bern 1874 (6)

Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) (6)

Munich Security Conference (6)

U.N. Population Fund (UNFPA) (6)

International Space Station (ISS) (6)

International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) (6)

Global Environment Facility (GEF) (6)

Basel Convention 1992 (6)

Rotterdam Convention 2004 (6)

Palau (5)

Comprehensive Nuclear-Test Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) Preparatory Commission (5)

Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty 1996 (5)

Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic (5)

North American Free Trade Agreement NAFTA) 1994 (5)

Mauritania (5)

Kosovo (5)

Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) (5)

Straddling Fish Stocks Agreement 2001 (5)

International Rescue Committee (IRC) (5)

Azerbaijan (5)

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Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer 1989 (5)

Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) (5)

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U.N. Office of Counterterrorism (UNOCT) (5)

Outer Space Treaty 1967 (5)

International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals (IRMCT) (5)

Trump Organization (5)

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International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers & Associations (IFPMA) (5)

Libra Association (5)

New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants 2016 (5)

Refugees International (5)

U.N. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide 1951 (5)

International Crisis Group (5)

Wellcome Trust (5)

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African Union Commission (4)

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Roll Back Malaria Partnership (4)

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International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination 1969 (4)

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Jamaica (4)

Korean War Armistice Agreement 1953 (4)

Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission (NNSC) (4)

NCD Alliance (4)

Treaty of Amity 1957 (4)

U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) (4)

Financial Stability Board (FSB) (4)

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) 1975 (4)

United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) (4)

Brunei (4)

Kazakhstan (4)

Center for Global Development (CGD) (4)

European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol) (4)

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Armistice of 1918 (4)

Haiti (4)

U.N. Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) (4)

European Economic Community (4)

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide 1951 (4)

World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) (4)

International Convention Against Doping in Sport 2007 (4)

World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) (4)

Intelsat Agreement 1971 (4)

Launch Registration Convention 1976 (4)

Liability Convention 1972 (4)

Moon Agreement 1984 (4)

Partial Test Ban Treaty 1963 (4)

Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS) Treaty (4)

Rescue Agreement 1968 (4)

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) (4)

International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) (4)

United Nations University (UNU) (4)

Global Justice Now (4)

European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) (4)

Norwegian People's Aid (4)

Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21) (4)

Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) (4)

Djibouti (4)

Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) (4)

U.N. Assistance Mission for Afghanistan (UNAMA) (4)

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (4)

Malta (3)

A.U. Convention on Corruption 2006 (3)

U.N. Office for Project Services (UNOPS) (3)

Monaco (3)

U.N. Ethics Office (3)

Atlantic Charter 1941 (3)

Pew Charitable Trusts (3)

Partnership on AI (3)

The Elders (3)

Human Rights Data Analysis Group (3)

Syrian Network for Human Rights (3)

Paraguay (3)

Greenland (3)

Vienna Convention on Consular Relations 1967 (3)

International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) (3)

International Institute for Sustainable Development (3)

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) (3)

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Five major oil exporters founded the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, or OPEC, at Baghad in 1960, to influence the global oil markets by coordinating policies among member nations. Thirteen countries in Africa, Latin America and the Middle East now belong to the Vienna-based organization, accounting for four-fifths of the world's 'proven' oil reserves.

Global Carbon Project (3)

Refugee Convention 1951 (3)

African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) (3)

Botswana (3)

Asian Development Bank (ADB) (3)

U.N. Economic Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) (3)

Adaptation Fund (3)

Adaptation Fund

Washington-based Adaptation Fund finances projects and programs that help vulnerable communities in developing countries adapt to climate change. Initiatives are based on country needs, views and priorities. ➡️ https://www.adaptation-fund.org/

Andorra (3)

Moldova (3)

UEFA (3)

Panama (3)

A.U. Commission (AUC) (3)

Bolivia (3)

United Nations Foundation (3)

Article 19 (3)

Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI) (3)

Paris Peace Forum (3)

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Mongolia (3)

Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) (3)

Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine (3)

Treaty of 15 October 1804 (3)

General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) 1948 (3)

Togo (3)

Christian Aid (3)

Jubilee Debt Campaign (3)

San Marino (3)

The Nobel Foundation (3)

TRIPS Agreement 1995 (3)

World Resources Institute (WRI) (3)

Joint Inspection Unit (JIU) (3)

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) (3)

U.N. Office at Geneva (UNOG) (3)

Union of International Associations (UIA) (3)

Namibia (3)

Antigua and Barbuda (3)

Internal Displacement Monitoring Center (IDMC) (3)

World Weather Attribution (WWA) (3)

Cyprus (3)

European Economic Area (EEA) 1994 (2)

European Economic Area (EEA) 1994

The Agreement on the European Economic Area entered into force on January 1, 1994, bringing together 28 European Union members and three non-member nations — Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway — into a single market called the "Internal Market."

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (2)

Better World Campaign (2)

Human Rights Campaign (2)

Human Rights First (2)

Burma Human Rights Network (BHRN) (2)

Government Accountability Project (GAP) (2)

U.N. Dispute Tribunal (2)

Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (IOC-UNESCO) (2)

Turkmenistan (2)

Angola (2)

Fortify Rights (2)

U.N. Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect (OSAPG) (2)

Anti-Slavery International (2)

Walk Free Foundation (2)

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) 1981 (2)

European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) (2)

International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (2)

Toronto Declaration (2)

Syrian Center for Statistics and Research (2)

Violations Documentation Center (2)

Bertelsmann Stiftung (2)

Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions 1999 (2)

Inter-American Convention Against Corruption 1997 (2)

U.N. Convention against Corruption 2005 (2)

Marrakesh Treaty 2013 (2)

Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 1964 (2)

ONE Campaign (2)

U.N. Convention Against Torture 1987 (2)

U.N. Working Group on Enforced Disappearances (2)

UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution 1983 (2)

World Uyghur Congress (2)

Fair Trials International (2)

Commonwealth of Nations (2)

Equatorial Guinea (2)

U.N. Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) (2)

Gabon (2)

AIDS-Free World (2)

RED (2)

Asia Development Bank (ADB) (2)

Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) (2)

Paris Club (2)

Tanzania (2)

Lesotho (2)

U.N. Counterterrorism Committee Executive Directorate (CTED) (2)

End Child Prostitution and Trafficking (ECPAT International) (2)

African Diaspora Youth Forum in Europe (2)

U.N. Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM) (2)

U.N. Office at Nairobi (UNON) (2)

World Council of Churches (2)

EarthRights International (2)

U.N. Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) (2)

European Medicines Agency (EMA) (2)

International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) (2)

Arctic Council (2)

Christchurch Call (2)

Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFCT) (2)

Climate Action Network (CAN) Europe (2)

Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) (2)

ILO Convention on Violence and Harassment 2019 (2)

Istanbul Convention 2014 (2)

Oslo Accords 1995 (2)

U.N. Convention against Transnational Organized Crime 2003 (2)

U.N. Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) (2)

U.N. Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent (2)

Zambia (2)

Global Oceans Treaty (2)

Sino-British Joint Declaration 1985 (2)

Nepal (2)

Brexit 2016 (2)

Diem Association (2)

Alliance of World Scientists (AWS) (2)

U.N. Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) (2)

Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action 1995 (2)

Unitaid (2)

International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) (2)

CIVICUS (2)

French Guiana (2)

Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL) (2)

Bhutan (2)

Global Financing Facility for Women Children and Adolescents (GFF) (2)

Ramsar Convention 1975 (2)

U.N. International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) (2)

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 2008 (2)

Cluster Munition Coalition (CMC) (2)

CARICOM (2)

Geneva Agreement 1966 (2)

Washington Treaty 1897 (2)

International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) (2)

International Air Transport Association (IATA) (2)

International Science Council (ISC) (2)

XPRIZE Foundation (2)

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) (2)

Minamata Convention on Mercury 2013 (2)

Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) (2)

U.N. Office at Vienna (UNOV) (2)

WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control 2005 (2)

Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation 1947 (2)

Open Quantum Institute (OQI) (2)

ITU Constitution and Convention 1992 (2)

Marshall Islands (2)

Uzbekistan (2)

Guinea (2)

Tonga (2)

Convention on Facilitation of International Maritime Traffic 1967 (2)

Seychelles (2)

Mauritius (2)

Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage 1972 (2)

International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) (2)

Intergovernmental Organization for Marketing Information and Technical Advisory Services for Fishery Products in the Asian and Pacific Region (2)

International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 1976 (2)

Kyoto Protocol to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change 2005 (2)

Non-Aligned Movement (2)

World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) (2)

Samoa (2)

World Heritage Convention 1975 (2)

U.N. Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) 1983 (2)

Geneva Center for Security Policy (GCSP) (2)

Oman (2)

Campaign to Stop Killer Robots (2)

International Commission of Human Rights Experts on Ethiopia (2)

International Council of Chemical Associations (2)

European Charter of Fundamental Rights 2000 (1)

International Conference of Data Protection and Privacy Commissioners (1)

Lisbon Treaty 2009 (1)

Treaty on the European Union 1992 (1)

Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union 1957 (1)

U.N. Alliance of Civilizations (1)

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Center for Social Awareness Advocacy and Ethics (CSAAE) (1)

Mission Innovation (1)

Nordic Council of Ministers (1)

Global Blockchain Business Council (1)

Government Blockchain Association (1)

International Blockchain Association (1)

International Blockchain Federation (1)

International Blockchain Real Estate Association (1)

International Decentralized Association of Cryptocurrency and Blockchain (1)

IOTA Foundation (1)

World Blockchain Organization (1)

Global Food Research Program (1)

International Food and Beverage Alliance (1)

World Obesity Federation (1)

Committee for Human Rights in North Korea (1)

Freedom Now (1)

Jacob Blaustein Institute for the Advancement of Human Rights (1)

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Fondation Passerelle (1)

ILO Declaration of Philadelphia 1944 (1)

ILO Employment (Transition from War to Peace) Recommendation 1944 (1)

Simla Agreement 1972 (1)

European Telecommunications Standards Institute (1)

Global Ocean Forum (1)

World Ocean Network (1)

Eswatini (1)

IceCube Collaboration (1)

IceCube Neutrino Observatory (1)

U.N. Office on Genocide Prevention (OSAPG) (1)

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